Develop a framework for integrated evaluation of the benefits (e.g., reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and enhancement of energy efficiency) and costs (e.g., capital expenditure (CAPEX), operating expenditure (OPEX), social cost of GHG emissions, and operational complexity) that wastewater and water utilities can apply at a unit operations and systems level. • Provide a harmonized benchmarking framework to assess the value of existing treatment systems within the current regulatory construct and framework. This objective recognizes that the future frameworks for evaluation may be different, due primarily to nonstationarity in the systems from climate impacts. • Offer recommendations for reducing GHG emissions through the utilization of energyefficient technologies, process optimization, and/or implementation of new treatment processes.
